§ 29. Yugoslavia
1. Formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Spring 1918 Eastern group of South landAustria-Hungary were covered by the peasant movement and the army and at the frontrevolutionary actions occurred. This situation 06/05 October 1918Zagreb (Croatia) at a meeting of representatives of different parties from allSouth-land of Austria-Hungary was formed People's assemblySlovenes, Croats and Serbs. It announced its aim "to bringall Slovenes, Croats and Serbs in the popular, free and independent country. "It was announced about breaking all relations with the Habsburg monarchy and thea sovereign State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (SHS State).People's assembly was the supreme authority.
The new state was in bad condition. Mottoesdistribution of landed estates intensified peasant movement, continued hostilitiesagainst Entente troops. Italy sought to capture not only the Eastern group of Southland on the Adriatic Sea, promised her the Entente countries, but also significantlymore territory.
In thissituation of real assistance to the State of SHS could give Serbia, which sought totroops on the Adriatic coast, which neutralized of Italian troops.Serbia claimed to unite all the lands in Southscepter Karaheorhiyevychiv dynasty. Croatian and Slovenian leaders fearedhegemony of Serbia in one state. Without its own armed forces, State SHScould not protect their sovereignty over that and had to go to the generalSerbia. As a result of negotiations between the delegation of the People's rallies, and the Government of Serbia 1December 1918 signed an agreement on a unifiedSouth state - the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes(Kingdom of SHS). It later became part of Montenegro.
King Alexander with membersRoyal Family
HomeWorld War costly pivdennoslov `Slavic peoples. Total lossesamounted to 1.9 million. killed and died. Losses were Serbian army369 815 deaths and injuries of 705 343 mobilized, Montenegro - 63 thousand, whichconstituted 25% of its prewar population.
2. Vydovdanska constitution
Kingdom of SHS konstytuyuvalos as Parliamentary monarchy.June 28, 1921, the day of St. Remo (Vydovdan) - Memorial DayBattle of Kosovo, the Constituent National Assembly adopted a constitution. Kinggranted significant rights, including right along with the National Assembly (parliament)exercise legislative power. He was chief of the armed forcesappointed prime minister in the country could enter a state of emergency, suspendconstitution. King was not unaccountable to the National Assembly or the people.Supreme legislative body - the National Assembly consisted of oneChamber and elected for four years. Contrary to the national division of the region,which has developed historically, the state was divided by 33
So was fixed unitary structure of the Kingdom of SHS.Dominant in the country won the Serbian elite, which took almost alladministrative posts in the country.
3. National problem
In 20-ies was held in the Kingdom of agriculturalreform, which for a while weakened visual land issue. Starteddevelop industry, but the country remained agricultural, although some areasSlovenia and Croatia were economically developed.
Mostburning issue for the Kingdom was velykoserbska national policies thatconducted by the king and government. It led to the deployment of separatist movementsCroats, Slovenes and Muslims who demanded the equalization of the rights of all peoples andfor autonomy. At the head of the separatist movement was CroatianRepublican Peasants' Party (HRSP) leader S. Radic. Providing Croatialimited self-government rights for a while impaired contradiction. In1927-1928 biennium national conflict reached the most acute. June 201928 during a heated debate in the National Assembly opposition leader S. Radicwere wounded and two other MPs from the opposition were killed. Aggravationnational relations prompted King Alexander to establish personalpower.
Caricature ofroyal dictatorship
January 6, 1929 Posted by Alexandermanifesto, under which the country likvidovuvalasya parliamentary monarchyskasovuvalasya Vydovdanska constitution, dismissed the National Assembly and allparties and organizations who have conducted anti-state policies. King took over allpowers. In October 1929 state was called the KingdomYugoslavia.
Simultaneouslywas conducted and administrative reform, for which the country was divided into 9 Bansand one federal district so that the Serbian population in Ban was dominant.Old ethnic borders were eliminated. Bans were appointed by King andsubject only to him.
In 1930, Embraced the economic crisis in Yugoslavia.Industrial production fell by half, and prices for agriculturalproducts - twice. In 1934 the national income compared with 1929amounted to 46,5%. Also? strained national, social and others. contradictions in society. Fighting for rightsCroats, Muslims, Slovenes gained international character. Croatianustashi (Nationalists) led by Ante Pavelychem, supported by Italy, andGermany and later began to resort to terrorist acts.
The government, trying to somehow ease the crisis, setprice controls on agricultural products. But to do withoutforeign loans was impossible. In 1931 France gave Yugoslaviasignificant weakening of credit, subject to the monarchical dictatorship.
Not wanting to look in the eyes of world publicdictator, the king agreed to the constitution, which restored some democraticrights and freedoms.
InOctober 1934 ustashi in Marseille, acting in accordance with developed in Germanyplan "Тevtonskyysword, killed King Alexander and French Foreign MinisterBart. Destroying two major proponents of collective security policy,Germany has achieved its objectives through proxies. The last words of King were:"Take care of Yugoslavia!"
Assassination of King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French Foreign dishesBart
In foreign policy, Yugoslavia adhered to the alliance with France, was aLittle Entente and the Balkan Entente (Yugoslavia, Greece, Romania, Turkey). The most tense relationsformed it with Italy and Bulgaria.
AfterKing Alexander's death his son Petar II (11 years), andRegent - Prince Paul.
In1935 government headed by M. Stoyadynovych. He tried to overcome the crisis innational relations. Realizing that to curb the Croatian separatistsshould be deprived of their foreign support, he signed a concordat with the Vatican bywhich the Catholic Church (Catholic Croats) has received a number of privileges. This ledthe conflict between the government and the Orthodox ChurchThat was a huge influence inSociety.
In1937 Stoyadynovych signed an agreement with Bulgaria and Italy. Under the contractInterrupt support ustashiv Italy, Yugoslavia recognized the occupation of Ethiopia andanshlyus Austria, and after the partition of Czechoslovakia announced terminationexistence Little Entente. But to solve the Croatian question Government notminds. Then the king gave permissionform the government Cvetkovi
26August 1939 new head of government signed an agreement with the Croatian leaderMr. Maciek movement to establish Croat self-government unit.
PronimetskaCvetkovi
27March 1941 there was a coup. It was resolved Regent Prince Paul andGovernment Cvetkovi Insurgents allied concludedagreement with the USSR. This is fundamentally broken plans of Hitler.
Government-led D. Symovychem
AnnoyedHitler decided to attack Yugoslavia, even if I had to postpone the attack onUSSR. April 6, 1941 German troops invaded the territory of Yugoslavia andGreece. April 10 Croatia declared independence. Between Italy and Croatiaconcluded an agreement under which Italy recognized the territorial integrityCroatia, but Croatia is not obliged to have to miss the Italian fleet andtroops through its territory. On the territory of Serbia was establishedpuppet Serbian state. The rest of the territory of Yugoslavia was divided betweenBulgaria, Hungary, Germany and Italy. But pivdennoslov Slavic peoplesresigned to enslavement by launching a guerrilla struggle, the dominant force inwhich were the Communists, led by Josef Broz Tito.
Documents and materials
From the manifesto of the king to Serbo-Croat-Slovene people. January 61929
My hopes and aspirations of the people that the development of ourinternal political life will order the country and strengthen it, nottrue. Parliamentary system and all political views increasinglyexhibit the negative characteristics of people and the state are experiencing the mostonly losses. Instead of developing and strengthening the national spirit andof unity, parliamentarism in the form as it is now beginning tospiritual cause disruption and national discord. My sacredduty to preserve national unity by all means state. I'm surethis hour all responsible - Serbs, Croats and Slovenes - understanda sincere word of his king and that they faithfully serve me in my futureaspirations towards completely only an early implementation of the systemmanagement and organization of the state such that best meetgeneral needs of the people and state interests. Consequently, I decided anddecided that the Constitution of the KingdomSerbs, Croats and Slovenes on June 28, 1921 lost its validity.All laws of the country remain in force until they are not withdrawn mydecree. If needed, in the future will be released in the same way newlaws. National Assembly, elected September 11, 1927, dismissed.
Questionto document
1. Thatprompted King Alexander publish this manifesto?
2. Whatthe main ideas of the manifesto?
Questions and Tasks
1. When andhow Yugoslavia was formed?
2.Describe inter-ethnic relations in Yugoslavia.
3. Giveassessment of internal policies of governments of Yugoslavia in the 20-ies
4. Whatestablishing the royal dictatorship in 1929? What are its features?
5. Describedevelopment of Yugoslavia in the 30's.
6. AsYugoslavia after the usual fate of Nazi aggression?
Note the dates:
December 1, 1918- Creation of the KingdomSerbs, Croats and Slovenes.
1921Vydovdanska constitution.
1929Proclamation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
April 5, 1941 - Treaty of Friendship andcooperation between Yugoslavia and the USSR.
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