Theme 13. Deploying UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION
The national idea, national-democratic revolution, independentist, the Ukrainian Central Rada, free cossacks
March 4, 1917, 19 March 1917, April 1917
1. Start the Ukrainian revolution
National revolution swept all Ukrainian lands, and was the product collapse of the Russian Empire and Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which were in at war with each other. But the main events of the early Ukrainian revolution associated with the collapse of the Russian empire and the revolutionary events that it was enveloped. Failures imperial army at the front and hardships, caused by war, were the direct impetus for the revolution.
The main precondition for the growth of the revolutionary process was a general social and economic crisis. At the beginning of 1917 became apparent collapse industry, transport and agriculture. Head of State Duma M. Rodzianko King wrote: "Russia's disastrous situation while deeply tragic ... "Fantastic increased indebtedness of Russia to countries Entente. Only the interest on debts exceeding all pre-war years budget.
With the economic crisis nasunulas political. Mass poverty population has caused dissatisfaction imperial authority. March 8 (23 February) 1917 in Petrograd began massive protest actions. Population Imperial Russian capital required from the authorities to improve living standards and stop the war. These statements have joined soldiers Petrograd Garrison, who expected departure to the front. March 12 (27 February) insurgent created Petrohrad council workers and soldiers' deputies. March 15 (2 March) Russian Tsar Nicholas II abdicated and power belonged to the Provisional Government. In Russia, won the Democratic Lyutneva revolution. Power passed to the Provisional Government. The collapse of the Russian monarchy liberalization has led to the socio-political and cultural life. All Russian residents have basic rights and freedoms and individual national and cultural rights. Found itself embroiled in revolution and Dnieper Ukraine.
The Provisional Government gave authority to the provinces and counties in the hand newly appointed commissioners. On the ground, have created new bodies authority - community councils and their executive committees. By social structure in They were dominated by representatives of commercial and industrial bourgeoisie intelligentsia, the party - most were cadets.
Simultaneously with the authorities of the Provisional Government in Ukraine, as well as in Russia began to emerge local council workers and soldiers' deputies. In first half of March 1917 in Ukraine there were 43, they created mainly in industrial areas. Their founders were basically an all-socialist parties and the SRS Social Democrats.
In many cities Dnieper Ukraine reaction to the Russian revolution were thousands of demonstrations under national blue and yellow flags. Demonstrators took to the streets of Kyiv, Poltava, Odessa, Kharkiv, Chernihiv banners of "autonomy of Ukraine", "Let lives federal republic "," free Ukraine in a free Russia. "
However, Ukraine were more radical political forces who demanded independence. They also participated in the manifestation Under the slogan "Long live an independent Ukraine," Independent Ukraine from Hetman headed.
The national idea hurtuvala different social strata of Ukrainian people. Under the increasing democratization of Ukrainian society a chance to restore their statehood. In Ukraine, growing National Democratic Revolution.
Let us turn to sources 
The modern historian Valery Soldatenko the nature of the Ukrainian revolution "?" The nature of Ukrainian revolution was national-democratic in its strategic goal of organically combined task of national reconstruction, the state of necessary social changes in the interest of the masses of Ukrainians. The leaders of the revolution sought to provide opportunities for all vibrant development of the Ukrainian people, to free and effective life of every member of society " What determines the character of the revolution? Why Ukrainian historian says national democratic revolution? What two groups of tasks it combined? |
2. Political parties in the Russian Ukraine
Development of revolutionary events in Ukraine depended on where political power go public. Aware of this, all political forces political parties and organizations have launched a struggle for influence on population.
In early 1917 the political scene in Ukraine were represented as all-(Cadets, the Mensheviks, the Bolsheviks), national (Polish, Jewish, etc.). And actually Ukrainian party. The most massive was the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, which from Ukrainian liberals went even Hrushevsky. The main Revolutionaries tasks thought to restructuring the capitalist system socialist, deep agrarian transformation in the interests of the peasantry, Ukraine's autonomy within the Russian Federal Democratic state.
The second-largest and the influence of political party in Ukraine was Ukrainian Social-Democratic Labour Party leaders V. Vynnychenko Petliura, M. Porsche, B. Martos et al. USDRP advocated democratic development of Ukraine and a socialist perspective in stock federated Russia.
V. Vynnychenko
, Petliura
Liberal-oriented part of the Ukrainian intelligentsia was united in the ranks of the Ukrainian Party of Socialists-Federalists, composed which included prominent figures of Ukrainian movement, S. Wilkens, D. Doroshenko, O. Lototsky et al.
S. Efremov
DI Doroshenko
Ukrainian Society has been active progressives (TUP) reorganized in the Ukrainian Union of Federalists - autonomists that were at moderate positions and sought to create autonomy Ukraine on a federal basis in the stock of Russia.
The representative of the radical currents of the national movement were considered Ukrainian People's Party (UNP) and the newly formed Ukrainian party Self - the Socialists, which was ideal for "nepidlezhna Ukraine-Republic of free people, free labor. "
Self - A radical movement of Ukrainian national movement that advocated for the creation of an independent Ukrainian state
Let us turn to sources
Historians A. Rublev, OP presenter of the political forces in the Dnieper before the revolution Thus, at the forefront of Ukrainian national-democratic Revolution were parties that could accumulate revolutionary potential our society, interested in radical change national and socio-economic relations. And so the first stage the Central Council, there were real grounds for consolidation forces that embodied the interests of the Ukrainian society. " As historians evaluate the political situation in the bank Ukraine in early 1917? Do you agree with them? Why? |
3. Formation of the Central Council
Despite the differences and disagreements on the future of Ukraine, Leaders of different political centers agreed and combined to a single governing body, who had lead the fight for revival of Ukrainian statehood.
As a result, the initiative of the Ukrainian Self and tupivtsiv 4 (New Style 17) March 1917 in Kiev was declared a Ukrainian Central Rada (UCR). It originated as a public political center, part of which included: the party of independent direction, the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, Ukrainian Social-Democratic Labour Party, the Ukrainian party socialists-federalists, student unions, military organizations, the clergy, intellectuals and others.
Chairman of the Ukrainian Central Council 7 (20 March) was elected Hrushevsky, of which the well-known public figure D. Doroshenko stated that "no one is currently not fit for the role more national leader, as Hrushevskyi, no one even could not align with it recognized the general authority and respect of that which surrounded all his Ukrainian citizenship.
Meet near
Mikhail Hrushevsky (1866-1934) historian, literary critic, journalist and civil and political
worker, leader of the Ukrainian national liberation movement in the first quarter of the twentieth
Art. Born in Hill (now Polish territory). After
Kiev University conducted research work in scientific
institutions in Lviv and Kyiv. At the same time he was active in
social and political life: one of the founders
National Democratic Party in Galicia and later the Society
Ukrainian progressives. Repeatedly he was arrested by the tsarist government. In 1917 elected Chairman of the Ukrainian Central Rada, headed to the last days of its existence. In April 1919 Hrushevsky left Ukraine and moved to Prague, where
focused on scientific work. In 1924 he returned to Ukraine, was
elected academician and has worked in domestic and world
history. Author major publications: "History of Ukraine - Russia", "Essay
history of the Ukrainian people, "" History of Ukrainian Literature "and others. in
which noted that the Ukrainian life must first of all find ourselves
determine their capabilities, objectives and interests, take for yourself all that
could be useful. Called not just search for ideals in the past, and
solve the national question in the spirit of true democracy, in
interests of the masses. Hrushevsky died in 1934, buried in Kiev.
From the earliest days of the UCR its authority among the Ukrainian people began to grow rapidly because it advocated close to him socialist ideas and the national-territorial autonomy. These ideas were for the UCR program. But its leaders some time consciously avoided discussion of acute socio-economic issues, following the motto National business primarily - social then. They feared that focus on social aspects could divide the national movement. Further development of political situation in Ukraine showed the falsity of such policy. It turned for UCR loss of social support among Labor groups of the Ukrainian population.
Let us turn to sources
On appeal of the Central Council "to the Ukrainian people" 9 (22) March 1917. The Ukrainian people! Vpaly age bands. Will come around
oppressed nation, all the pone? isfied nations of Russia. The time and your
freedom and awakening to a new free, creative life after more than
200-year sleep. |
Ukrainian revolution rapidly gaining strength. Already 19 March (on the new style of April 1) 1917demonstration was held, attended by 100 thousand persons. Under Ukrainian flags were soldiers, students, pupils and workers. On Square Hrushevsky City Council made a speech, which called seek autonomy of Ukraine.
The manifestation of Sophia Square. Kyiv, 1917
The demonstration ended at the Sofia area, which was a popular assembly. It adopted the resolution.
Let us turn to sources
Resolution meeting of the Ukrainian population Kyiv on 19 March (April 1) 1917 We, Ukrainians gathered in Kiev on 19 of the first Ukrainian Berezil
Liberty Saints welcome the restoration narodovlastya, killed the king
despotism and unanimously resolved:
Uphold the Central Government, pomahayuchy him in every way
provide new free to order from any hostile measures, firm
belief that it is more prykladatyme all forces to strengthen the freedom and
democracy; |
At the same time there were Ukrainian National Council in Petrograd (Chairman A. Lototsky) and Moscow (A. Salikovskyy head), which has established close ties with the Central Council.
The beginning of the liberation of the Ukrainian people. Formation of the Ukrainian National Republic (March 1917 - March 1918)
4. Home Ukrainization Army
The struggle for the restoration of Ukrainian statehood could not be successful without the formation of national armed forces. Initiators of creation by independentist. They have been active propaganda work among the Ukrainian people, mobilized into the Russian army, which took in the First World War in order to achieve Ukrainization army.
M. Mihnovskiy
In March 1917, at the initiative of M. Mihnovskiy, were first Meeting of Ukrainian officers and troops of the Kiev garrison where declared creation of the Ukrainian military council. She, in turn, formed Ukrainian military club named after Hetman Pavlo Polubotko and Ukrainian military organizing committee. Club took over ideological work, and the committee launched a logistic preparation of the Ukrainian armed forces.
In garrisons with nationally conscious people were held meeting and formed military companies. In April in Kyiv, Ternopil, Kharkiv, Katerynoslav and other cities of Ukraine took place the military charges accompanied by the manifestation of national flags on with the military. National military movement spread of the West Front. It was formed Ukrainian front-line council headed by Petliura.
In mid-April at the Kyiv-phase point, under the influence campaign work Self-Ukrainian soldiers before being sent to Front decided not to dissolve in a multinational military formations, and go to war within a single Ukrainian regiment name Bohdan Khmelnytsky. The regiment numbered over 3,5 thousand soldiers. From these Events began deployment of Ukrainian national forces.
Further development of the Revolution promoted the revival of old Cossack traditions in the creation of local self-defense militias. Together with revolution Ukrainian society began to embrace anarchy. This is especially senses in rural areas where the population was forced to take care of self-defense. To this end, we started to write free Cossacks.
Free Cossacks - Voluntary military and militias for protection of Ukrainian statehood and law enforcement
The first basket of the Free Cossacks appeared in April 1917 in Zvenyhorodsky district of Kyiv. Then began the formation of such formed from the nationally conscious peasants and workers aged over 18 years on a territorial basis of the Left, Volyn Zaporizhia other regions of Ukraine.
To establish an initiative group of Cossack units was not to collect less than 20 people a list of local administrative zatverdzhuvavsya authorities. Admission of new members of the Cossack communities were quite rigid. Each candidate was Cossack officers exam on knowledge Rules and instructions and gave solemn oath. Enrollment in Cossacks carried out on the recommendation of three members of the society that had responsible for subsequent acts of his ward. No fee public order Cossacks were not fed.
The basic unit of the Free Cossacks were a hundred, which formed from citizens of one village or city. Hundreds of cooperating in a hut, hut - in regiment, and regiments of the whole province formed a basket. This formation led elected officers. The supreme organ of society were a general meeting.
Cossacks participated actively in public life. It published the magazines, pamphlets, newspapers and distributed literature, organized lectures, readings and concerts, performances of patriotic and military- sporting events and more. Honorary chieftain became the Free Cossacks Hrushevsky, head of military formations - P. Skoropadskyi and substituted chieftain - I.Poltavets-Ostryanytsi.
In resolutions adopted at the congresses of the Free Cossacks, clearly it indicated the main goal - to support democracies in society, fight the enemies of the Ukrainian people, to prevent fratricide, to ensure law and order.
a) The collapse of the Russian monarchy led to???
b)? 1917 in Kiev was declared the creation of the Ukrainian Central Rada
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